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Altruism describes a behaviour performed by animals that may be disadvantageous to self while benefitting others. Which one of the following statements is INCORRECT about altruism ?
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Hamilton’s rule that altruism is favoured when rb – c > 0; where c is the fitness cost to the altruist, b is the fitness benefit to the recipient and r is their genetic relatedness. This predicts that altruism is favoured when r or b are higher and c lower. Hamilton’s theory is referred to in many ways. Hamilton called it ‘inclusive fitness theory’, but it is more often referred to as ‘kin selection’, a term coined by John Maynard Smith. Jerram Brown pointed out that the inclusive fitness of an individual is divided into two components: ‘direct fitness’ and ‘indirect fitness’. Direct fitness is gained through the production of offspring, and indirect fitness through aiding the reproduction of nondescendent relatives. A behaviour is only altruistic if it leads to a decrease in direct fitness, so altruism can only be favoured when an indirect benefit outweighs this direct cost, as shown by Hamilton’s rule.