In which among the following cases malice becomes relevant to determine a person’s liability in law of torts. Answer by using codes below :

a.    Malice may result in aggravation of damages.
b.    In torts of deceit and conspiracy one of the essential is malice.
c.    When act is lawful, intention can be gathered from past circumstances.
d.    Causing of personal comfort by lawful means may turn lawful act into a tort.
Codes :