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Srilekha posted an Question
January 14, 2020 • 01:45 am 15 points
  • UGC NET
  • General Paper 1

Indian Logic: Means of knowledge, Pramanas- Pratyaksha (Perception), Anumana (Inference), Upamana () (Comparison), Shabda (Verbal testimony), Arthapatti (Implic

Indian Logic: Means of knowledge, Pramanas- Pratyaksha (Perception), Anumana (Inference), Upamana () (Comparison), Shabda (Verbal testimony), Arthapatti (Implication) and Anupalabddhi (Non-apprehension). Structure and kinds of Anumana inference), Vyapti (invariable relation) explain this topics

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    Rishab Soni best-answer

    Hello. This topic is related to the Indian philosophical thoughts of logic. It is somewhat similar to the traditional logical reasoning concept to some extent but requires a thorough understanding of the meanings. "Pramana" is Sanskrit for "proof" or "measure". The types of Pramana includes 1. Pratyaksha : Pratyaksha means "direct" in Sanskrit. In the sense of logical reasoning, it is what your perceive directly through your senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste etc) Ex : You can say apples taste sweet because you've consumed yourself. 2.Smriti : Smriti means memory in Sanskrit. Now that you've tasted the Apple, you can recall the memory of the taste of the Apple for future references without having to eat it again to say that it is sweet. 3.Anumana : Anumana means "Assumption" or "Inference" in Sanskrit. What you cannot infer directly but you conclude something based on certain assumptions that are proven to be effective is known as Anumana. For example : We can assume someone is sad when we see frowns on their faces. Or we can assume there's a fire going on of we see a smoke rising. 4.Upamana : Upama means "Comparison" in Sanskrit. This is a frequently appearing Pramana in UGC NET. It is also fairly simpler. When we compare two things and measure bases of similarity, or provide a simili, it is known as Upamana. Ex : Her lips are soft like roses. She sings like an nightingale 5.Arthapatti : It means "Implications" in Sanskrit. This one is important as it requires to you find you the implied meaning, or presume your conclusions based on the linking the information available. For example : A person working in a office 40Km away from his home says he doesn't drive. Then it is logical to imply that he uses public transport. 6. Anupalabdhi : It means "Non-Apprehension". It is a very interesting concept as it says that non existence can be a source of reasoning too. For example : A party is dedicated to children 14 or younger. Here we can infer that no 14 or older were invited. 7.Shabda : It means "word" and is very similar to "citation" used in modern day research. It means to cite your sources from which your text is collected. In ancient texts of India, Pandits used to cite the sloka of Holy books with their chapter, and verse number. In modern day, we can provide citation to various sources like magazines, official publications, newspapers etc. It basically means to quote the source from which you've collected the information. I hope it helps you. Thank you.

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