30 points
Time management is very much important in IIT JAM. The eduncle test series for IIT JAM Mathematical Statistics helped me a lot in this portion. I am very thankful to the test series I bought from eduncle.
Nilanjan Bhowmick AIR 3, CSIR NET (Earth Science)
- CSIR NET
- Life Sciences
List the properties of stem cells and its examples with definition
properties of stem cells list the examples too with definitions
2 Answer(s)
Answer Now
- 0 Likes
- 3 Comments
- 0 Shares
-
Priya sarda
All the stem cells found throughout all living systems have three important properties. These properties can be visualized in vitro by a process called clonogenic assays, where a single cell is assessed for its ability to differentiate. The following are some properties of stem cells: Stem cells, of all origins, are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods of time. These cells undergo a period of cell proliferation while preserving the undifferentiated state. All stem cells are unspecialized or undifferentiated. These are present as a mass of cells that differentiate later during their period of division. Another essential property of stem cells is their ability to differentiate into specialized cells that together make up different tissue types. These cells can be either pluripotent or multipotent. Types/ Sources of Stem Cells Depending on the source of the stem cells or where they are present, stem cells are divided into various types; 1. Embryonic stem cells Embryonic stem cells are a group of cells that are present in the inner cell mass of the embryo at a very early stage of development, called a blastocyst. The blastocyst stage in embryonic development is reached within 4-5 days after fertilization, and the number of cells at that point is about 50-150. These cells are pluripotent, meaning they can develop and differentiate into various cell types (approx 250 types) during their proliferation. These do not, however, contribute to the extraembryonic cells like the placenta. Embryonic stem cells are present within the embryo, which divides and differentiates into germ layers as they become specialized. These cells have been culture increasingly as they can be artificially cultured to produce cells of different types. Embryonic stem cell culture is important as they perform as a new source for regenerative medicine and genetic disease and toxicology test in vitro. The embryonic germ cells in the gonadal region in animals also act like embryonic stem cells. These cells, also called primordial cells, later differentiate and divide to form male and female gametes. 2. Adult stem cells (Somatic or Tissue-specific stem cell) Adult stem cells, also called somatic stem cells, are the cells found in specific tissues that function to repair and form cells of only the tissues they are found on. These cells are considered less potent than embryonic stem cells as they cannot differentiate to different cell types. Adult stem cells exist in niches or areas created by other cells which secrete fluids and nutrient for the stem cells to remain alive on. These cells are found in certain tissues that undergo continuous cellular turn over. Some tissue like the liver tissue, however, undergoes minimal division only when the tissue is damaged. Adult stem cells are found in both children and adults and mostly localized in tissue like the epidermis, bone marrow, and lining of the intestine. The cells in the epidermis layer divide continuously to form new cells as the keratinocytes are shed off. Adult stem cells present in the bone marrow are the hematopoietic cells that differentiate to form three different types of blood cells and immune cells. Stem cells are also found in the brain that differentiates to form very few nerve cells after birth. 3. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) The limitations in adult stem cells led to the creation of novel pluripotent cells termed induced pluripotent cells from the adult cells by the process of reprogramming the genes. Induced pluripotent stem cells are formed when the adult cells are cultured with embryonic stem cells where a fusion of these two cells forms new cells with stem cell-like properties. Sometimes, other somatic cells can also be reprogrammed to acquire pluripotency. Induced pluripotent stem cells are similar to embryonic stem cells in that they can also be stimulated to differentiate into different cell types. However, they are different from embryonic stem cells in the level of gene expression and the condition of the chromatin of the cells. These cells are of significant importance as they can be used in therapeutic medicine where doctors will be able to generate cells of practically all organs of the body for each patient. Besides, they also prevent the use of more embryonic stem cells which might cause ethical issues. It also helps to study new genetic diseases by generating induced pluripotent stem cells from their adult or somatic cells. Induced stem cells of the heart and the eyes can be used in the transplantation of the cells during severe heart and eye-related diseases. 4. Perinatal stem cells Perinatal stem cells are a type of intermediate cells carrying the characteristics of both embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. They are derived from extra-embryonic cells of the fetal membrane, umbilical cord, and amniotic fluid. Prenatal stem cells are known to possess immune-privileged characteristics, as well as broad multipotent plasticity. Also, these cells, simply isolated from extraembryonic tissues that are typically discarded after birth, effectively avoid ethical issue involvement. These cells are active, non-tumorigenic, and are multipotent that can differentiate into cells of the endothelium, hepatic, adipose, and even neural tissues. The cells obtained from fetal membranes are, although not immortal, have a high degree of division and potency. Perinatal stem cells also have research and therapeutic applications in the treatment of renal disease, cardiac disease, inflammatory disease, bone regeneration, and the treatment of spinal cord injury. As a result of these applications, perinatal stem cells have been cultured artificially to obtain a large number of these cells. 5. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) Mesenchymal stem cells are a type of adult stem cell or somatic stem cell mostly found in the tissues of muscles, liver, and bone marrow. Human MSCs (hMSCs) are the multipotent stem cells with the capacity to differentiate into mesodermal cell lines such as osteocytes, adipocytes, and chondrocytes as well ectodermal (neurocytes) and endodermal cell lines (hepatocytes). The most common type of mesenchymal stem cells is the one in the bone marrow where they differentiate to form the cells of the skeletal system, including bones and cartilages. Mesenchymal stem cells are found not only in fetal tissues but also in many adult tissues. These are mostly present in small quantities but are important as they create a niche for the survival of blood stem cells in the bone marrow. Mesenchymal stem cells can be isolated comparatively easily and also produce a higher yield than other stem cells which makes them useful in cell growth, cell differentiation, and restoration of tissues under severe immunological conditions. Furthermore, MSCs have immunomodulatory features as they secrete cytokines and immune-receptors, which regulate the microenvironment in the host tissue. The potential to produce cells of different cell lines, immunomodulation, and secretion of anti-inflammatory molecules makes this stem cell a useful tool in the treatment of chronic diseases. Some of the common and well-known examples of stem cell research are: 1. The process of cell differentiation One of the most important examples of stem cell research is in the studies conducted to learn how undifferentiated stem cells develop and divide into specialized cells. Many studies are also involved in the process of control of the differentiation of stem cells. Over the years, many researchers and scientists are known to work on methods to manipulate the process of stem cell differentiation to produce specialized cells. 2. Stem cell-based therapies Studies related to control stem cell differentiation have also been performed so that they can be used to treat certain diseases. One example of this is the transformation of stem cells to differentiate into insulin-producing cells so that such cells can be transplanted to patients with type-1 diabetes. Several other projects aiming at different diseases and conditions are also being conducted. 3. Stem cells to test new drugs Stem cells cultured in laboratories are used in the testing of new drugs to avoid their use on human cells. This is one of the novel research areas related to stem cells.
-
Priya sarda
![best-answer]()
All the stem cells found throughout all living systems have three important properties. These properties can be visualized in vitro by a process called clonogenic assays, where a single cell is assessed for its ability to differentiate. The following are some properties of stem cells: Stem cells, of all origins, are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods of time. These cells undergo a period of cell proliferation while preserving the undifferentiated state. All stem cells are unspecialized or undifferentiated. These are present as a mass of cells that differentiate later during their period of division. Another essential property of stem cells is their ability to differentiate into specialized cells that together make up different tissue types. These cells can be either pluripotent or multipotent. Types/ Sources of Stem Cells Depending on the source of the stem cells or where they are present, stem cells are divided into various types; 1. Embryonic stem cells Embryonic stem cells are a group of cells that are present in the inner cell mass of the embryo at a very early stage of development, called a blastocyst. The blastocyst stage in embryonic development is reached within 4-5 days after fertilization, and the number of cells at that point is about 50-150. These cells are pluripotent, meaning they can develop and differentiate into various cell types (approx 250 types) during their proliferation. These do not, however, contribute to the extraembryonic cells like the placenta. Embryonic stem cells are present within the embryo, which divides and differentiates into germ layers as they become specialized. These cells have been culture increasingly as they can be artificially cultured to produce cells of different types. Embryonic stem cell culture is important as they perform as a new source for regenerative medicine and genetic disease and toxicology test in vitro. The embryonic germ cells in the gonadal region in animals also act like embryonic stem cells. These cells, also called primordial cells, later differentiate and divide to form male and female gametes. 2. Adult stem cells (Somatic or Tissue-specific stem cell) Adult stem cells, also called somatic stem cells, are the cells found in specific tissues that function to repair and form cells of only the tissues they are found on. These cells are considered less potent than embryonic stem cells as they cannot differentiate to different cell types. Adult stem cells exist in niches or areas created by other cells which secrete fluids and nutrient for the stem cells to remain alive on. These cells are found in certain tissues that undergo continuous cellular turn over. Some tissue like the liver tissue, however, undergoes minimal division only when the tissue is damaged. Adult stem cells are found in both children and adults and mostly localized in tissue like the epidermis, bone marrow, and lining of the intestine. The cells in the epidermis layer divide continuously to form new cells as the keratinocytes are shed off. Adult stem cells present in the bone marrow are the hematopoietic cells that differentiate to form three different types of blood cells and immune cells. Stem cells are also found in the brain that differentiates to form very few nerve cells after birth. 3. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) The limitations in adult stem cells led to the creation of novel pluripotent cells termed induced pluripotent cells from the adult cells by the process of reprogramming the genes. Induced pluripotent stem cells are formed when the adult cells are cultured with embryonic stem cells where a fusion of these two cells forms new cells with stem cell-like properties. Sometimes, other somatic cells can also be reprogrammed to acquire pluripotency. Induced pluripotent stem cells are similar to embryonic stem cells in that they can also be stimulated to differentiate into different cell types. However, they are different from embryonic stem cells in the level of gene expression and the condition of the chromatin of the cells. These cells are of significant importance as they can be used in therapeutic medicine where doctors will be able to generate cells of practically all organs of the body for each patient. Besides, they also prevent the use of more embryonic stem cells which might cause ethical issues. It also helps to study new genetic diseases by generating induced pluripotent stem cells from their adult or somatic cells. Induced stem cells of the heart and the eyes can be used in the transplantation of the cells during severe heart and eye-related diseases. 4. Perinatal stem cells Perinatal stem cells are a type of intermediate cells carrying the characteristics of both embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. They are derived from extra-embryonic cells of the fetal membrane, umbilical cord, and amniotic fluid. Prenatal stem cells are known to possess immune-privileged characteristics, as well as broad multipotent plasticity. Also, these cells, simply isolated from extraembryonic tissues that are typically discarded after birth, effectively avoid ethical issue involvement. These cells are active, non-tumorigenic, and are multipotent that can differentiate into cells of the endothelium, hepatic, adipose, and even neural tissues. The cells obtained from fetal membranes are, although not immortal, have a high degree of division and potency. Perinatal stem cells also have research and therapeutic applications in the treatment of renal disease, cardiac disease, inflammatory disease, bone regeneration, and the treatment of spinal cord injury. As a result of these applications, perinatal stem cells have been cultured artificially to obtain a large number of these cells. 5. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) Mesenchymal stem cells are a type of adult stem cell or somatic stem cell mostly found in the tissues of muscles, liver, and bone marrow. Human MSCs (hMSCs) are the multipotent stem cells with the capacity to differentiate into mesodermal cell lines such as osteocytes, adipocytes, and chondrocytes as well ectodermal (neurocytes) and endodermal cell lines (hepatocytes). The most common type of mesenchymal stem cells is the one in the bone marrow where they differentiate to form the cells of the skeletal system, including bones and cartilages. Mesenchymal stem cells are found not only in fetal tissues but also in many adult tissues. These are mostly present in small quantities but are important as they create a niche for the survival of blood stem cells in the bone marrow. Mesenchymal stem cells can be isolated comparatively easily and also produce a higher yield than other stem cells which makes them useful in cell growth, cell differentiation, and restoration of tissues under severe immunological conditions. Furthermore, MSCs have immunomodulatory features as they secrete cytokines and immune-receptors, which regulate the microenvironment in the host tissue. The potential to produce cells of different cell lines, immunomodulation, and secretion of anti-inflammatory molecules makes this stem cell a useful tool in the treatment of chronic diseases. Some of the common and well-known examples of stem cell research are: 1. The process of cell differentiation One of the most important examples of stem cell research is in the studies conducted to learn how undifferentiated stem cells develop and divide into specialized cells. Many studies are also involved in the process of control of the differentiation of stem cells. Over the years, many researchers and scientists are known to work on methods to manipulate the process of stem cell differentiation to produce specialized cells. 2. Stem cell-based therapies Studies related to control stem cell differentiation have also been performed so that they can be used to treat certain diseases. One example of this is the transformation of stem cells to differentiate into insulin-producing cells so that such cells can be transplanted to patients with type-1 diabetes. Several other projects aiming at different diseases and conditions are also being conducted. 3. Stem cells to test new drugs Stem cells cultured in laboratories are used in the testing of new drugs to avoid their use on human cells. This is one of the novel research areas related to stem cells.
Do You Want Better RANK in Your Exam?
Start Your Preparations with Eduncle’s FREE Study Material
- Updated Syllabus, Paper Pattern & Full Exam Details
- Sample Theory of Most Important Topic
- Model Test Paper with Detailed Solutions
- Last 5 Years Question Papers & Answers
Sign Up to Download FREE Study Material Worth Rs. 500/-
Priya sarda Best Answer
All the stem cells found throughout all living systems have three important properties. These properties can be visualized in vitro by a process called clonogenic assays, where a single cell is assessed for its ability to differentiate. The following are some properties of stem cells: Stem cells, of all origins, are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods of time. These cells undergo a period of cell proliferation while preserving the undifferentiated state. All stem cells are unspecialized or undifferentiated. These are present as a mass of cells that differentiate later during their period of division. Another essential property of stem cells is their ability to differentiate into specialized cells that together make up different tissue types. These cells can be either pluripotent or multipotent. Types/ Sources of Stem Cells Depending on the source of the stem cells or where they are present, stem cells are divided into various types; 1. Embryonic stem cells Embryonic stem cells are a group of cells that are present in the inner cell mass of the embryo at a very early stage of development, called a blastocyst. The blastocyst stage in embryonic development is reached within 4-5 days after fertilization, and the number of cells at that point is about 50-150. These cells are pluripotent, meaning they can develop and differentiate into various cell types (approx 250 types) during their proliferation. These do not, however, contribute to the extraembryonic cells like the placenta. Embryonic stem cells are present within the embryo, which divides and differentiates into germ layers as they become specialized. These cells have been culture increasingly as they can be artificially cultured to produce cells of different types. Embryonic stem cell culture is important as they perform as a new source for regenerative medicine and genetic disease and toxicology test in vitro. The embryonic germ cells in the gonadal region in animals also act like embryonic stem cells. These cells, also called primordial cells, later differentiate and divide to form male and female gametes. 2. Adult stem cells (Somatic or Tissue-specific stem cell) Adult stem cells, also called somatic stem cells, are the cells found in specific tissues that function to repair and form cells of only the tissues they are found on. These cells are considered less potent than embryonic stem cells as they cannot differentiate to different cell types. Adult stem cells exist in niches or areas created by other cells which secrete fluids and nutrient for the stem cells to remain alive on. These cells are found in certain tissues that undergo continuous cellular turn over. Some tissue like the liver tissue, however, undergoes minimal division only when the tissue is damaged. Adult stem cells are found in both children and adults and mostly localized in tissue like the epidermis, bone marrow, and lining of the intestine. The cells in the epidermis layer divide continuously to form new cells as the keratinocytes are shed off. Adult stem cells present in the bone marrow are the hematopoietic cells that differentiate to form three different types of blood cells and immune cells. Stem cells are also found in the brain that differentiates to form very few nerve cells after birth. 3. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) The limitations in adult stem cells led to the creation of novel pluripotent cells termed induced pluripotent cells from the adult cells by the process of reprogramming the genes. Induced pluripotent stem cells are formed when the adult cells are cultured with embryonic stem cells where a fusion of these two cells forms new cells with stem cell-like properties. Sometimes, other somatic cells can also be reprogrammed to acquire pluripotency. Induced pluripotent stem cells are similar to embryonic stem cells in that they can also be stimulated to differentiate into different cell types. However, they are different from embryonic stem cells in the level of gene expression and the condition of the chromatin of the cells. These cells are of significant importance as they can be used in therapeutic medicine where doctors will be able to generate cells of practically all organs of the body for each patient. Besides, they also prevent the use of more embryonic stem cells which might cause ethical issues. It also helps to study new genetic diseases by generating induced pluripotent stem cells from their adult or somatic cells. Induced stem cells of the heart and the eyes can be used in the transplantation of the cells during severe heart and eye-related diseases. 4. Perinatal stem cells Perinatal stem cells are a type of intermediate cells carrying the characteristics of both embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. They are derived from extra-embryonic cells of the fetal membrane, umbilical cord, and amniotic fluid. Prenatal stem cells are known to possess immune-privileged characteristics, as well as broad multipotent plasticity. Also, these cells, simply isolated from extraembryonic tissues that are typically discarded after birth, effectively avoid ethical issue involvement. These cells are active, non-tumorigenic, and are multipotent that can differentiate into cells of the endothelium, hepatic, adipose, and even neural tissues. The cells obtained from fetal membranes are, although not immortal, have a high degree of division and potency. Perinatal stem cells also have research and therapeutic applications in the treatment of renal disease, cardiac disease, inflammatory disease, bone regeneration, and the treatment of spinal cord injury. As a result of these applications, perinatal stem cells have been cultured artificially to obtain a large number of these cells. 5. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) Mesenchymal stem cells are a type of adult stem cell or somatic stem cell mostly found in the tissues of muscles, liver, and bone marrow. Human MSCs (hMSCs) are the multipotent stem cells with the capacity to differentiate into mesodermal cell lines such as osteocytes, adipocytes, and chondrocytes as well ectodermal (neurocytes) and endodermal cell lines (hepatocytes). The most common type of mesenchymal stem cells is the one in the bone marrow where they differentiate to form the cells of the skeletal system, including bones and cartilages. Mesenchymal stem cells are found not only in fetal tissues but also in many adult tissues. These are mostly present in small quantities but are important as they create a niche for the survival of blood stem cells in the bone marrow. Mesenchymal stem cells can be isolated comparatively easily and also produce a higher yield than other stem cells which makes them useful in cell growth, cell differentiation, and restoration of tissues under severe immunological conditions. Furthermore, MSCs have immunomodulatory features as they secrete cytokines and immune-receptors, which regulate the microenvironment in the host tissue. The potential to produce cells of different cell lines, immunomodulation, and secretion of anti-inflammatory molecules makes this stem cell a useful tool in the treatment of chronic diseases. Some of the common and well-known examples of stem cell research are: 1. The process of cell differentiation One of the most important examples of stem cell research is in the studies conducted to learn how undifferentiated stem cells develop and divide into specialized cells. Many studies are also involved in the process of control of the differentiation of stem cells. Over the years, many researchers and scientists are known to work on methods to manipulate the process of stem cell differentiation to produce specialized cells. 2. Stem cell-based therapies Studies related to control stem cell differentiation have also been performed so that they can be used to treat certain diseases. One example of this is the transformation of stem cells to differentiate into insulin-producing cells so that such cells can be transplanted to patients with type-1 diabetes. Several other projects aiming at different diseases and conditions are also being conducted. 3. Stem cells to test new drugs Stem cells cultured in laboratories are used in the testing of new drugs to avoid their use on human cells. This is one of the novel research areas related to stem cells.