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Nilanjan Bhowmick AIR 3, CSIR NET (Earth Science)
Krishan k jakhad
A protonephridium (proto = "first") e.g. in flatworm is a network of dead-end tubules lacking internal openings, found in the phyla Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Rotifera and Chordata (lancelets). The ends are called flame cells (if ciliated) or solenocytes (if flagellated); they function in osmoregulation. whereas on the others hand, metanephridium (meta = "after") e.g. in earthworm is a type of excretory gland found in many types of invertebrates such as annelids, arthropods and mollusca. (In mollusca, it is known as the Bojanus organ.) A metanephridium typically consists of a ciliated funnel opening into the body cavity, or coelom connected to a duct which may be variously glandularized, folded or expanded and which typically opens to the organism's exterior.