Which of the following list reflects the basis for Tolman’s sign gestalt learning. Select from the code :

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Tolman’s Sign Gestalt Learning :
        Place Learning vs Response learning
        According to Tolman in the process of learning an individual does not learn specific stimuli as mentioned by S-R theorists but tries to learn about the place where things actually lie. He does not learn a fixed movement sequence but an overall path by visualizing a total picture of the stipulated target. He then tries to bring about changes in his movements and style of functioning in accordance with the needs of the environment.
        Reward Expectancy
                In the language of Tolman ‘Reward’ is that we may have an expectation that if we go to a certain place or perform a certain act we may get something. Not getting or getting less than the expected reward may lead to disruption of behavior involving frustration. Tolman’s experiments shows the importance of reward expectancy as a factor in learning.
        Latent Learning
        Tolman also spoke of a type of learning that remains dormant for a considerable length of time in an individual before it is displayed in his behavior. The individual is capable of demonstrating its existence when suitable motivation and opportunity arise. The concept of latent learning does not essentially require rewards or reinforcement. In a learning experiment the rate in a maze may learn to correct path without getting food as reward or reinforcement.