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Nilanjan Bhowmick AIR 3, CSIR NET (Earth Science)
Ruby negi
first find the eigen values of matrix M then use the diagonalisation equation i.e M=PDP(inverse).. were D is the diagonal matrix of eigen values of M then expM=P expD P(inverse) , don't solve this equation, just write then the trace of exp(D) is the trace of expM